Answer is C is correct. Recently on 31 st October 2023 while acquitting a woman accused of killer her own child decided the question of what may be required of the convict in her statement under Section 313 of CrPC. To this court laid down 12 principles while reiterating various precedents in Indrakumar vs. State of Chhattisgarh. Therefore option (c) is the correct answer.

Answer is A is correct. The ratio decidendi of a case is not the actual decision, or order, like guilty or the defendant is liable to pay compensation rather it is a reason for passing the decision which establishes precedents. Therefore option (a) is the correct answer.

Answer is B is correct. Court in Adamson v Jarvis held, so long as the party seeking the indemnity is innocent and is not aware of the unlawfulness of the act; they are entitled to be indemnified by the wrongdoer in respect of their losses. Therefore option (b) is the correct answer.

Answer is B is correct. Doctrine of undisclosed principal is given under Section 230 of the Indian Contract Act which states where the principal is not disclosed and the third party has no knowledge that the person he is entering into contract with is an agent and not the principal then agent is personally liable for his acts towards the third party. Therefore option (b) is the correct answer.

Answer is B is correct. Postal rule is followed in inter-absentes contracts where parties are not present before each other but rather they use different methods like letters, telex, etc. to communicate their offer and acceptance. This rule is given under Section 4 of the Indian Contract Act which talks about when the communication of offer and acceptance gets completed. Therefore option (b) is the correct answer.