Answer is d is correct. Mahboob Shah V/s Emperor is related with common intention U/S-3(5) of B.N.S. All other cases are related with Criminal conspiracy. Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Answer is c is correct. Defamation is the publication of a false statement about a person that tends to lower their reputation in the estimation of right-thinking members of society. It can be in the form of libel (written) or slander (spoken). Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Answer is b is correct. "Audi alteram partem" is one of the two main pillars of natural justice. It means that no person should be condemned unheard. This principle requires that a person against whom an order is to be passed must be given a fair opportunity to present their case and be heard.Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Answer is d is correct. In case of M/s Avdel Tools and Services vs. M/s Trufit Fastners Pvt. Ltd., A.,I.R. 2009 NOC 1054 (Bom.) it was held that whether time is essence of contract, would depend upon following 3 Points (a) Terms and conditions of contract, (b) Conduct of parties (c) Attending circumstances. (Section 55). Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Answer is c is correct. In tort law, the damages are "unliquidated," which means the amount is not fixed or pre-agreed upon. The court has the discretion to assess the amount based on the evidence presented about the nature and extent of the harm suffered. Liquidated damages, by contrast, are pre-agreed amounts specified in a contract.Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.