Answer is b is correct. Quasi-contracts are not actual contracts but are obligations created by law. They are based on the principle of equity and justice, preventing unjust enrichment. Section 68 of the Act, which deals with claims for necessaries supplied to a person incapable of contracting (like a minor), is an example of a quasi-contractual obligation. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Answer is a is correct. Malicious falsehood, also known as injurious falsehood, is the malicious publication of a false statement that causes actual financial loss (special damage) to another person. Defamation, on the other hand, is actionable per se (without proof of special damage) in cases of libel and some forms of slander, as the law presumes that damage to reputation will occur. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Answer is c is correct. While sharing of profits is a primary indicator, it is not the sole or true test of a partnership. Section 6 of the Act states that the existence of mutual agency is the real test. Mutual agency means that every partner is both an agent and a principal for the other partners. An act of one partner, within the scope of the business, binds the firm and the other partners. Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Answer is b is correct. Battery is the intentional and direct application of force to another person without lawful justification. Even if the operation was beneficial, the surgeon's act of touching the patient's body without their consent constitutes a battery. The patient's right to bodily integrity has been violated. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Answer is c is correct. A wagering agreement is an agreement between two parties to exchange money or something of value upon the outcome of a future uncertain event. These agreements are expressly declared to be void by Section 30 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.