Answer is C is correct. The right to constitutional remedies under Article 32 of the Indian Constitution allows citizens to directly approach the Supreme Court (and High Courts under Article 226) for enforcement of their fundamental rights when they are violated. This concept is closely related to judicial review, as the courts have the authority to examine the constitutionality of laws, actions, or policies and ensure that the rights of individuals are protected. Judicial review serves as a mechanism for citizens to challenge any action that infringes upon their fundamental rights.Therefore, option (c) is correct answer.

Answer is d is correct. As of October 2024, there are 25 High Courts in India. These High Courts have jurisdiction over one or more states and union territories, depending on the geographical and administrative structure of the country. Few, High Courts, such as the Bombay High Court, have jurisdiction over multiple states (e.g., Maharashtra, Goa, and the union territories of Daman & Diu, and Dadra & Nagar Haveli). Each High Court serves as the highest judicial body at the state level and can hear civil, criminal, and constitutional matters. Therefore, option (d) is correct answer.

Answer is d is correct. Section 159 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), an affray is defined as when two or more persons fight in a public place and disturb the public peace. Therefore, an affray must take place in a public place, not a private one. The other statements are correct regarding unlawful assembly and riot. Therefore, option (d) is correct answer.

Answer is b is correct. Herbert Spencer continued to use his theory of social evolution in his research into all areas of knowledge. Therefore, option (b) is correct answer.

Answer is b is correct. . An ad hoc Judge is nominated by a unique process for a particular case, project or, period only. Article 127 of the Indian constitution talks about the CJI can nominate a high court judge as an ad hoc SC judge for a specified time when a quorum of permanent judges is needed to continue or hold a SC session. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.