Answer is d is correct. Mahboob Shah V/s Emperor is related with common intention U/S-3(5) of B.N.S. All other cases are related with Criminal conspiracy. Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Answer is b is correct. The Doctrine Pro Reo, also known as "In Dubio Pro Reo," is a legal principle that prescribes, whenever any penal law is applied or construed , and that law is giving two interpretation, one lenient to the offender and one strict to the offender , that interpretation which is lenient or favourable to the offender will be adopted. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Answer is a is correct. Refer Section 58 of ICA, 1872. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Answer is d is correct. In case of M/s Avdel Tools and Services vs. M/s Trufit Fastners Pvt. Ltd., A.,I.R. 2009 NOC 1054 (Bom.) it was held that whether time is essence of contract, would depend upon following 3 Points (a) Terms and conditions of contract, (b) Conduct of parties (c) Attending circumstances. (Section 55). Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Answer is d is correct. A public servant is typically a person holding a position in the government or in an organization that performs public duties, as defined under the BNS and other legal frameworks. So, Secretary of a co-operative society is not public servant. Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.