National Interest vis a vis Constitution of India

The phrase 'national interest' resonates through political discourse and policy pronouncements in India. But what does it truly signify within the framework of our Constitution? While the Constitution of India doesn't explicitly define 'national interest' in a singular article, its spirit and various provisions weave a rich tapestry that underscores its paramount importance and provides a guiding light for governance.

Importantly, 'national interest' embodies the collective well-being, security, and progress of the nation and its people. It encompasses a broad spectrum of objectives, including the preservation of India's sovereignty and territorial integrity, the maintenance of public order, the promotion of economic prosperity and social justice, the safeguarding of its cultural heritage, and the fostering of harmonious international relations. It’s a dynamic concept, evolving with the changing needs and aspirations of the nation.

The significance of 'national interest' is deeply embedded in the Constitution. The Preamble itself sets the tone by proclaiming the resolve to secure justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity for all citizens, ultimately contributing to the unity and integrity of the nation’s core tenets of national interest. Fundamental Duties, enshrined in Article 51A, further emphasize the responsibilities of every citizen towards upholding the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India, safeguarding public property, and striving for excellence, all serving the larger national interest.

Numerous articles across the Constitution implicitly invoke the concept of national interest. Article 19(2) to (6) impose reasonable restrictions on the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association, movement, and profession in the interest of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence. 1 Similarly, the Directive Principles of State Policy, though non-justiciable, guide the State in formulating policies that promote the welfare of the people and secure a social order where justice prevails – directly aligning with the broader national interest.

The judiciary has also played a crucial role in interpreting and applying the concept of 'national interest'. Several landmark judgments highlight its significance:

• • Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru vs. State of Kerala (1973): While primarily focused on the basic structure doctrine, this case indirectly reinforced the idea that any constitutional amendment must ultimately serve the larger national interest and not undermine the fundamental principles upon which the nation is built.
• • Indira Nehru Gandhi vs. Raj Narain (1975): The Supreme Court emphasized the importance of free and fair elections as being in the national interest, as they form the bedrock of a democratic polity.
• • S. R. Bommai vs. Union of India (1994): This case, concerning the imposition of President's Rule under Article 356, underscored that the unity and integrity of the nation are paramount considerations, reflecting a core aspect of national interest. The Court stressed that any action under Article 356 must be justified by a genuine threat to national integration or constitutional order.

These judgments illustrate that 'national interest' is not a vague political slogan but a substantive principle that informs constitutional interpretation and governmental action. It acts as a crucial balancing factor when fundamental rights come into conflict with broader societal needs and the security of the nation.While the Indian Constitution doesn't offer a neat definition of 'national interest,' its essence permeates various provisions and is consistently upheld by the judiciary. It represents a dynamic and evolving set of principles aimed at ensuring the collective well-being, security, and progress of India. Understanding this concept is crucial for appreciating the underlying philosophy of our Constitution and the rationale behind many governmental policies and judicial pronouncements. It serves as a constant reminder that individual rights and freedoms must be exercised within the larger framework of national unity and the overarching goals of the nation.