Scope of Of International Law
The subject matter of International Law has grown exponentially, moving far beyond classical diplomacy to encompass virtually all transnational issues. The primary branches include:
| Branch of Law | Subject Matter | Key Instruments/Forums |
|---|---|---|
| International Humanitarian Law (IHL) | Regulates the conduct of armed conflict (the jus in bello), protecting those not participating in hostilities and restricting means/methods of warfare. | Geneva Conventions (1949), Additional Protocols. |
| International Human Rights Law (IHRL) | Protects the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals from state abuse and ensures economic and social rights. | Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), ICCPR, ICESCR. |
| Law of the Sea | Governs maritime issues, including territorial waters, the contiguous zone, the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), and the high seas. | UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). |
| International Economic Law | Regulates global commerce, trade, finance, and investment between nations. | World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, IMF treaties. |
| International Environmental Law | Addresses global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, cross-border pollution, and sustainable development. | Paris Agreement, Convention on Biological Diversity. |
| International Criminal Law | Focuses on the prosecution of individuals for the most serious crimes of concern to the international community. | Rome Statute (International Criminal Court). |
| Diplomatic and Consular Law | Establishes the rules for diplomatic relations, immunities, and the functions of embassies and consulates. | Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961). |
| Space Law | Regulates activities in outer space, including exploration, telecommunications, and the use of celestial bodies. | Outer Space Treaty (1967). |
